This week Reactions takes a look at the science behind how we tell temperature. There’s a lot of chemistry that goes into thermometers. We have a lot of confidence that we measure temperature accurately. But how do thermometers in the kitchen or doctor’s office work? Thanks to the laws of thermodynamics, thermometers respond to heat moving from hot to cold as a means of measuring temperature. Clever physical chemists and engineers have taken temperature tools from the simple, but still useful, lined glass thermometers to digital readouts. And you might be surprised to find out how Einstein took thermometers the distance.
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JD Pigs
Producer:
Elaine Seward
Writer:
Darcy Gentleman, Ph.D.
Judith Lavelle
Executive Producer:
Adam Dylewski
Scientific consultants:
Dawn Cross
Darcy Gentleman, Ph.D.
Kyle Nackers
Sources:
Fever Guidelines
https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/air/reporting-deaths-illness/definitions-symptoms-reportable-illnesses.html
http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-fever/basics/art-20056685
http://highschoolenergy.acs.org/content/hsef/en/what-is-energy/thermometers.html
http://theinventors.org/library/inventors/blthermometer.htm
Galileo Project (Rice Univ.) – Thermometer http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/thermometer.html
EPA – Mercury in your thermometer
https://www.epa.gov/mercury/mercury-thermometers
EPA – Mercury – Health Effects
https://www.epa.gov/mercury/health-effects-exposures-mercury
NIST – phasing out mercury thermometer calibration
https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2011/02/end-era-nist-cease-calibrating-mercury-thermometers
Galilean Thermometer not so Galilean (interesting, but also corroborates the event of Galileo’s invention of the thermoscope around the start of the 17th century)
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed200793g
Bimetallic thermometers
http://www.teltru.com/topic.aspx?name=faq
thermocouples [fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”yes” overflow=”visible”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ background_position=”left top” background_color=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” spacing=”yes” background_image=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” padding=”” margin_top=”0px” margin_bottom=”0px” class=”” id=”” animation_type=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_direction=”left” hide_on_mobile=”no” center_content=”no” min_height=”none”][deleted content]
http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/utc/thermocouple/pages/ThermocouplesOperatingPrinciples.html
thermistors
https://www.nist.gov/pml/mercury-thermometer-alternatives-thermistor
http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/data/resistor/thermistor/thermistor.php
IR semiconductor sensors
https://www.noao.edu/meetings/gdw/files/Joyce_IR.pdf
IR planet measurement
https://geosci.uchicago.edu/~rtp1/papers/PhysTodayRT2011.pdf
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience.html
“Experiments in Physical Chemistry”, 6th edition. David P. Shoemaker, Carl W. Garland, Joseph W. Nibler. McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Chapter 18 “Temperature” and Chapter 19 “Instruments”
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